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Stoichiometric Mole Ratios UPCAT Reviewer: Lesson and Practice

TEACHER ABI UPCAT SCIENCE Stoichiometric Mole Ratios Turn balanced coefficients into conversion factors without guessing proportions. 5-10 minute lesson 27 original questions Adaptive practice Saves progress Lesson Shortcut Examples Skill Check Practice Mastery FAQ MY STATUS Stoichiometric Mole Ratios Not yet verified on this browser. NOT STARTED QUICK REVIEW Balanced coefficients are mole relationships A balanced chemical equation describes particle and mole ratios—not gram ratios. N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ This means 1 mol N₂ reacts with 3 mol H₂ to form 2 mol NH₃. Balance first Never take a mole ratio from an unbalanced equation. Units guide the setup Arrange the conversion factor so the starting unit cancels. DO IT FAST Given × wanted/given Write the given moles, then multiply by a coefficient fraction with the wanted substance on top and the given substance below . Why it works The balanced coefficients describe proportional amounts, so the conversion factor equals one reaction-scale re...
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Periodic Trends UPCAT Reviewer: Lesson and Practice

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TEACHER ABI UPCAT SCIENCE Periodic Trends Use direction and cause—not three unrelated arrows—to compare elements. 5-10 minute lesson 27 original questions Adaptive practice Saves progress Lesson Shortcut Examples Skill Check Practice Mastery FAQ MY STATUS Periodic Trends Not yet verified on this browser. NOT STARTED QUICK REVIEW Position predicts general patterns Atomic radius increases down and left. Ionization energy and electronegativity generally increase up and right. Across a period, nuclear charge increases while electrons enter the same principal energy level. Down a group, new energy levels and shielding place valence electrons farther from the nucleus. Atomic radius Generally increases down a group and toward the left. Ionization energy and electronegativity Generally increase up a group and toward the right. DO IT FAST Radius runs down-left; attraction runs up-right If atoms hold or attract electrons strongly, think up-right . If the electron cloud is physically larger, t...
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Ecological Relationships UPCAT Reviewer: Lesson and Practice

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TEACHER ABI UPCAT SCIENCE Ecological Relationships Classify an interaction by its effect on both organisms. 5-10 minute lesson 27 original questions Adaptive practice Saves progress Lesson Shortcut Examples Skill Check Practice Mastery FAQ MY STATUS Ecological Relationships Not yet verified on this browser. NOT STARTED QUICK REVIEW Follow the benefits and costs Use + for benefit, − for harm, and 0 when an organism is essentially unaffected. Species names alone do not determine the relationship. Read what each organism gains, loses, or experiences. +/+ and +/0 Mutualism benefits both; commensalism benefits one without significantly affecting the other. +/− and −/− Parasitism and predation benefit one while harming another; competition imposes costs on both. DO IT FAST Organism 1, then organism 2 Write the effect on the first organism, then the second: +, −, or 0. Match the resulting pair to the relationship. Why it works This prevents familiar examples from overriding the actual desc...
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Punnett Squares and Genetics UPCAT Reviewer: Lesson and Practice

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TEACHER ABI UPCAT SCIENCE Genetics and Punnett Squares Translate parent genotypes into probabilities without confusing genotype and phenotype. 5-10 minute lesson 27 original questions Adaptive practice Saves progress Lesson Shortcut Examples Skill Check Practice Mastery FAQ MY STATUS Mendelian Genetics and Punnett Squares Not yet verified on this browser. NOT STARTED QUICK REVIEW A Punnett square organizes possible allele combinations For Tt × Tt, the genotype ratio is 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt, while the phenotype ratio is 3 dominant : 1 recessive. Each parent contributes one allele. A capital letter commonly represents a dominant allele and a lowercase letter the recessive allele of the same gene. Genotype The allele combination, such as TT, Tt, or tt. Phenotype The observable trait produced by the genotype and environment. DO IT FAST Outside first, inside second Split each parent genotype into its possible gametes. Put those alleles outside the grid, combine one from each parent inside,...
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Cell Parts and Functions UPCAT Reviewer: Lesson and Practice

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TEACHER ABI UPCAT SCIENCE Cell Structure and Function Recognize each organelle by what it does—not only by how it looks. 5-10 minute lesson 27 original questions Adaptive practice Saves progress Lesson Shortcut Examples Skill Check Practice Mastery FAQ MY STATUS Cell Structure and Function Not yet verified on this browser. NOT STARTED QUICK REVIEW A cell works through specialized structures Animal and plant cells share many organelles, but plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Instead of memorizing a disconnected list, connect every structure to a job and then predict what happens when that job fails. Nucleus Stores DNA and controls cell activities. Mitochondrion Releases usable energy through cellular respiration. Ribosome Builds proteins. Rough ER Processes and transports proteins. Golgi apparatus Modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Cell membrane Regulates what enters and leaves. Chloroplast Captures light energy for photosynthesis. ...
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