Fluids, Pressure & Hydraulic Systems
Read everyday force situations correctly: identify the forces, decide their directions, compare them, and determine whether an object stays at rest, moves at constant speed, or accelerates.
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Pressure follows depth and area relationships
Pressure increases with depth.
At equal depth, a denser liquid produces greater hydrostatic pressure.
In the same connected stationary liquid, equal-depth points have equal pressure.
A lower hole has greater pressure head and greater initial exit speed.
Exit speed depends on vertical liquid height above the opening.
Equal transmitted pressure can create a larger force on a larger-area piston.
DEPTH → PRESSURE → EFFECT
Compare vertical depth, determine the resulting pressure, then connect it to the observed effect: jet speed, force, fluid level, or piston response.
Five fluid relationships
Different-depth holes: lower means greater pressure and greater initial exit speed.
Different liquids: at the same depth, denser liquid gives greater pressure.
Elevated tank: raising the water surface above an outlet increases pressure head.
Connected liquid: equal-depth points in the same stationary continuous liquid have equal pressure.
Hydraulic press: ideally, equal pressure means force scales with piston area.
Common traps
A wider tank does not automatically give greater pressure at the same depth. Use vertical depth, not container shape. A lower hole has greater initial exit speed, but jet landing distance also depends on the hole's height above the floor. Hydraulics multiply force by trading it for distance; they do not create energy.
Can you transfer the idea across five forms?
This diagnoses your next practice step; it does not verify mastery.
Practice at the level you need
Verify the competency
Mastery requires 5/5. An unsuccessful attempt loads a different set.
Quick clarifications
Does a wider tank create more pressure at the same depth?
No. Hydrostatic pressure depends on density, gravity, and vertical depth.
Does the lowest hole always land farthest away?
Not necessarily. Initial exit speed and fall time both affect landing distance.
Do hydraulics create energy?
No. Ideal hydraulics trade force for distance.
Continue Mechanical Reasoning
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